Understanding the benefits and costs of urban forest ecosystems

This chapter provides an overview of the physical/biological, social, and economic benefits of urban vegetation. Under physical/biological effects, the following are considered: temperature moderation, air pollutant removal, emissions of VOCs by trees, emissions of pollutants during maintenance, energy conservation, noise reduction, hydrology improvements, impacts on wildlife and biodiversity, and potential for phytoremediation. Social and economic effects include improvements in human mental and physical health, increased sense of community, and higher property values, and potential disservices in the form of increased allergens and potential injuries. Benefit-cost analyses are briefly described, and implications for management, planning and design are considered.